To evaluate the effect of nitrogen and water withholding in vegetative growth stage of corn on efficacy of nicosulfuron and 2,4-D+ MCPA an experiment was conducted as a factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Tarbiat Modares University in 2017. The first factor contained four treatments including application of nicosulfuron, 2,4-D+ MCPA, weed free and weed infested as control. The second factor consisted of normal irrigation and water withholding from 4 to 8 leaf stage. Third factor contained either urea application or no fertilizer application. Normal irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer application significantly increased nicosulfuron and 2,4-D+ MCPA efficacy in weed control and total weed dry weight decreased to 341 and 361 g.m-2 respectively compared 1370 g.m-2 as weed infested. Nicosulfuron and 2,4-D+ MCPA reduced weed total dry weight significantly under irrigation withholding. Grain yield increased with application of nitrogen and nicosulfuron. Grain yield was higher with application of 2,4-D+ MCPA than nicosulfuron without nitrogen application under irrigation withholding. Application of nicosulfuron with nitrogen application provided satisfactory weed control and increased grain yield.

Background and Objectives: Job stress is among the most common illnesses of our age. Studies indicate that job stress can stem from personal factors, nature and characteristics of jobs, organizational roles, organizational structure, relations, organization’s management, etc. Therefore, proper understanding and cognizance of job stress factors and adjusting and reducing them can pave the ground for organization’s improvement and flourishing. The present study aims at investigating job stress level among I. R. I Police University (IRIPU) graduates working in Tehran Police Stations.Method: The present research is of survey type. The variables impacting job stress dealt with in the present research are: personal features (age and gender), organizational structure, role’s characteristics, training and environmental resources. To assess the impact level of every variable, various methods such as simple and multi-variable regression analysis, Spearman, Man Whitney and CrosKal Wallice correlation coefficient is used. Statistical population of the study is IRIPU graduates (graduated in2001-2006) working in Tehran Police Stations. Statistical sample was randomly selected. With respect to omission of incorrect and incomplete questionnaires 107 correct questionnaires were accepted for statistical analysis.Findings: According to the findings of the study proved that there was no significant relationship between personnel individual characteristics (age, gender, being married) and environmental resources with personnel job stress; however, there is significant relationship between training, role features, and organizational structure.Conclusion: Based on multi-variable regression analysis, among independent variables organizational structure had the most part in predicting dependent variable behavior.

In the critical review of the book “Ethics of Management” written by Tomas Klikavar (2010), the present article has paid attention to the general approach of the author, the conceptual tools used, and the way of reasoning. According to the author, management, especially business management, due to the importance it attaches to the survival of the organization, has placed its fundamental principle on increasing benefit and earning profit, therefore, morality is not its fundamental issue, and it can even commit immorality in some cases, according to the necessity of tendencies and dispositions . As a theoretician of management ethics, from a historical point of view, the author has tried to show that business management has always been associated with unethical experiences, an experience that has continued until the present day as a kind of modern slavery. He believes that management ethics as an inter-discipline, which is considered a branch of management knowledge in terms of its subject, must be more intertwined with philosophy in practice. Finally, although the author has been able to show the inherent contradiction of management, especially business management, with ethics and provide a solution based on this, the fact that the author has succeeded in presenting a different theory in the field of “management ethics” is a matter of doubt and reflection.

Background & Aims Stress is derived from the Latin word stringer, which means to hug, squeeze, and squeeze. In today's medical science, there are different equations and perceptions of it: "urgency" and "compulsion" to stimuli, excitement to the psychological reactions that occur, urgency and compulsion to physiological changes resulting from these perceptions. In general, stress refers to the force that causes some significant changes in a system when applied to it. The term refers to physical, psychological, social forces and pressures. In this case, stress in this sense is a cause and is the prelude to some disabilities. On the other hand, stress is a state of psychological stress that is caused by the types of forces or pressures mentioned above, and therefore stress in the second sense of a disability. Pressure and stress may be perceived differently by people. People's physical and emotional status, lifestyle, financial status determines the level of being affected by these changes. In today's society, stress-related diseases increase day by day, so the people and institutions are confronted with an important problem to be faced. Since they provide service to intensively stressed individuals and also the staff encounters with stressful situations very often, the field of legal medicine considered as a work environment a lot more stressful than the other work environments. While providing the service, legal medicine workers, they see a lot of patients and patient relatives with many different levels of health problems. These situations threatening an individual's health and causing stress due to uncertainty and obscurity affect the legal medicine workers as well as the clients. According to the definition of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), job stress occurs when there is no coordination between job needs and abilities, capabilities and desires. The level of this stress varies in different professions and occupations, and professions and occupations that deal with human services create a lot of stress. Stress is also directly related to job satisfaction and performance and is one of the components of health, safety and comfort. Since it is completely impossible to eliminate stress, it seems necessary for different people to learn how to deal with and manage it. Various factors affect the physical and mental condition of medical staff. Some of these factors are related to the work environment and some are related to outside the work environment such as their quality of life, problems and social issues. Among the factors related to the work environment, we can mention the presence in different departments of forensic medicine with different working conditions. Identifying areas that bring more stress or less job satisfaction to staff will lead to better planning and more attention to these areas. Different departments of forensic medicine have their own working conditions and characteristics, including the number of clients, the condition of the injured, the type of disease, the number of staff, the status of colleagues and encountering bodies, and so on. Accordingly, different variables such as stress and job satisfaction can be present in them to different degrees. Therefore, it seems that research is needed to determine the strategy for legal medicine workers to deal with stress based on working conditions. This study was conducted to determine the stress level of legal medicine workers in the workplace, the factors affecting it and their coping strategies. Methods In this descriptive study, it is aimed to identify the stress factors and the strategies in coping with stress of the tehran legal medicine workers. The statistical population of the study included all workers in four departments of legal medicine, including clinical examinations Necropsy, commission and laboratory, which was selected based on Cochran's table, 217 of which completed 210 questionnaires. Besides the questions about the demographic features, 8 questions about the work life of the staff, 3 questions about the resources about the resource of stress, 10 questions about the change in their behavior under stress, 1 question about measuring the reactions to stress, totally 27 questions are included in the survey. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS program. Data were evaluated by using number percentage calculations and chi-square importance test. Results It’, s found out that among the legal medicine workers in the study, 53% of them are male, 32. 8% of them are between 45-49 years old, and 41% of them have an undergraduate degree. 60% of respondents are active in the clinical examination department, 52% of them have an experience between 10-19 years. Among the legal medicine professionals in the study, 83% was determined to have a source of stress. Major causes of stress are,by 53% the work ignored by others, by 37% inequitable distribution of tasks, by 31% the widespread use of gossip in the workplace, by 30% relations with management, and by 28% injustice in performance evaluation. The legal medicine professionals expressed their methods of coping with stress as follows: 42% of them say “, I endure in silence and burn myself out”, , 36% say “, I try to solve it on my own”, , 36% say “, I share it with my best friends or family and try to find a solution”, , 27% say “, I direct myself to another thing and try not to occupy my mind with the problem”, , 26% say “, I yell at people around me and take out my anger on them”, . Conclusion It has been determined that among the workers of Tehran legal medecine, 83% have a source of stress. The most common stress factors are,work ignored by others, inequitable distribution of tasks, the widespread use of gossip in the workplace, relations with management, injustice in performance evaluation, fear of patient dissatisfaction and complaints. These results are consistent with the findings of several studies. that examined job stress in different jobs and confirms that today everyone in any place and situation feels some degree of stress in their work environment and this It is a tangible and undeniable thing in modern organizations. Some differences are shown between the results of the study and the results obtained. The difference between the stressors is noticeable. The number of legal medecine clients, lack of workers and equipment and excessive workload are not determined as stressors. Instead, our research has shown that stressors are caused by an organization's management style. In addition, it is thought to be due to policies implemented over the years Recently, great importance has been given to the client and the created salary puts a lot of pressure on the staff of different legal medicine departments. When assessing the stressors of legal medicine practitioners, we saw some statistical differences. For physicians, the highest stress factor can be classified as fear of client dissatisfaction, and neglect of work by others. Some differences have been identified between our results and those of other studies. The biggest reason is that recently the policy of honoring clients has caused a bit of stress to legal medicine workers due to the protection of the client.

Background: The most frequently used test for evaluation of fetal health is the Non Stress Test (NST). Unfortunately it has a high incidence of false positive results. The combination of vibroacoustic stimulation with the NTS has been shown to reduce non reactive results.Methods: A tests assessment method was chosen with a simple randomized sampling. 40 pregnant women with non reactive NST in the first 20 minutes who received VAS in one of Tehran University's Hospitals were compared with BPP scores. A vibroacoustic stimulation was applied for a 3 seconds on the maternal abdomen and fallowed within 10 minutes. Data collection tools were NST, sonography instruments, NST result paper, tooth brusher, watch, demographic questioner and check list. Data analysis was made by descriptive static and by using the Fisher's Exact Test (with level of significant at p<0/05). All statistical analysis were performed using an spss/win.Results: After VAS, 70% of non reactive tracing became reactive. All cases with fetal reactivity response after a VAS had a subsequent BPP score of 8 (negative predictive value of 100%). False positivity of VAS was lower than NST.Conclusion: VAS offers benefits, by decreasing the incidence of non reactive test and reducing test time. VAS lowers the rate of false positive NST. VAS is safe and allows more efficient of prenatal services. This test could be used as a rapid antepartum test to predict fetal well-being.

Purpose: Application of heavy forces to maxillary dentition during treatment with headgear, induces high concentration of stresses in periodontal tissue. Quantification of this stress is of great concern in orthodontics. This study was designed to investigate the quantity and quality of stress response in the PDL of maxillary first molar which was subjected to high pull headgear traction using Finite Element method.Methods and Material: In an experimental study, a three-dimensional finite element model of maxillary dentition, consisting of 17096 elements and 23013 nodes, was developed based on a young human skull. The forces were applied to the maxillary first molar in the stabilized Arch by means of a rectangular full size arch wire in (022) slot bracket. Mechanical properties of this model were based on previous studies. A 350 gram force was used for high pull headgear to affect the dentition (+30 degree) and stress distribution was investigated in buccal, palatal, mesial and distal side and in cervical, middle, apical sections of the PDL. The quantity of stresses were expressed as principal stresses (1,2,3), while the negative and positive signs indicated compressive and tensile stresses.Results: The buccal surface of PDL of mesiobuccal root and the buccal, palatal and distal surface in cervical region of PDL of distobuccal root and the distal surface of the PDL of palatal root had received a great deal of stresses, in addition, the over all stress distribution in roots of molar had intrusive nature.Conclusion: The extension of high stress concentration areas observed after using high pull headgear is limited to some root surfaces specially the distobuccal root.